Star Wars, an Anti-capitalist Capitalistic Saga?
ALAIN MUSSET
ABSTRACT
During the social mobilizations that took place in Chile, Colombia and many other countries in the world before and after December 2019, the participants displayed new symbols of struggle that could be interpreted as a shift in political imagery. Among these powerful images, instead of the hammer and sickle, it is necessary to highlight several references to a globalized popular culture that the youth were able to recover, divert or transcend -for example The Joker, V for Vendetta, La Casa de Papel, and, of course, Star Wars-. Taking into account the economic empire represented by the saga created by George Lucas in 1977 and managed since 2012 by the Walt Disney Company, it may seem paradoxical to proclaim that this galaxy not far away is a war song against contemporary capitalism. However, in the books, comics or video games that are added to the well-known universe of the movies, we can find the basis of a true critical thought that questions the relationships of domination, exploitation, exclusion or inequality that characterize the model of society rejected by the demonstrators of Plaza Italia, today Plaza de la Dignidad, in Santiago de Chile, and in so many other parts of our planet.
Keywords: Star Wars; capitalism; exploitation; citizen resistance; #chiledespertó
Keywords:
References: REFERENCIAS
Anderson K. J. y Moesta, R. (1999). Illusions de grandeur (Delusion of Grandeur). Paris: Pocket Junior. [ Links ]
Cleaver, T. (2011). Economics. The Basics. New York: Routledge. [ Links ]
Cocco, G. y Szaniecki, B. (dir.) (2015). Creative capitalism, Multitudinous Creativities: Radicalities and Alterities. Lanham-Maryland: Lexington Books. [ Links ]
Denning, T. (2015). L'Ultime épreuve (Crucible). Paris: Pocket. [ Links ]
Duggam G. y Noto, P. (2016). Chewbacca : Les mines d'Andelm. Nice: Panini Comics. [ Links ]
Engels, F. (1845). Situación de la clase obrera en Inglaterra. Digitalización: Por JOJ, 2002. Esta edición en PDF: Mayo 2019. https://bit.ly/2ZZ3zwu [ Links ]
Fritel J. y Roche M. (Director). (2012), Goldman Sachs, la banque qui dirige le monde. Arte Thema. https://bit.ly/2CNbrsj [ Links ]
Gray, C. (2019). Mattre & apprenti (Master & Apprentice). Paris: Pocket. [ Links ]
Harrison, M., Wheatley, D., Chukry, C. y Jackson, D. (2010). Star Wars: Dark Times. Blue Harvest, Part Three. Milwaukie: Dar Horse Comics. [ Links ]
Jaurès, J., "Discours du 7 mars 1895 à la Chambre des communes", dans Jean Jaurès : Textes choisis, Paris, Éd. Sociales, 1959, 88. [ Links ]
Karpyshyn, D. (2008). La voie de la destruction (Path of Destruction). Paris: Fleuve Noir. [ Links ]
____. (2011). La dynastie du mal (Dynasty of Evil). Paris: Fleuve Noir. [ Links ]
Keyes, G. (2002). Renaissance (Rebirth). Paris : Fleuve Noir. [ Links ]
Kinsley, M. (2008). Creative Capitalism. A Conversation with Bill Gates, Warren Buffet and Other Economic Leaders. New York: Simon & Schuster. [ Links ]
Kushins, J. (2016). The Art of Rogue One, A Star Wars Story. New York: Abrams. [ Links ]
Lebbon, T. (2015). L 'Aube des Jedi (Dawn of the Jedi). Paris: Pocket. [ Links ]
Luceno, J. (2001). L'éclipse des Jedi (Jedi Eclipse). Paris: Fleuve Noir. [ Links ]
____. (2005). Labyrinth of Evil. New York: Ballantines Books. [ Links ]
____. (2012). Darth Plagueis. New York: Arrow. [ Links ]
Musset, A. (2014, July). Des communautés mayas en lutte pour leurs terres. San Juan Saquatepéquez contre l'entreprise CEMPRO. Divergences 2, N° 39. https://bit.ly/32W9epg [ Links ]
____. (2015, July). Projets hydroélectriques en terre maya : les communautés maya chor'Ti' en lutte. Divergences 2, N° 42. https://bit.ly/3hydYW7 [ Links ]
Piketty, T. (2014). El capital en el siglo XXI. México: FCE. [ Links ]
____. (2019). Capital e ideología. Barcelona: Deusto. [ Links ]
Reaves M. y Perry, S. (2005). Medstar 1: Chirurgiensde l'espace (Medstar 1: Battle Surgeons). Paris: Fleuve Noir. [ Links ]
Robespierre, M. de. (2012, April 24). Sur les principes de morale politique qui doiventguider la Convention nationale dans l'administration intérieure de la République. Le Grand Soir, Journal Militant d'Information Alternative. https://bit.ly/2WTHHkw. [ Links ]
Roche, M. (2011). La Banque. Comment Goldman Sachs dirige le monde. Paris: Points Documents. [ Links ]
Rucka, G. (2015). La cavale du contrebandier (Smuggler'sRun). Paris: Pocket Jeunesse. [ Links ]
Sherman, D. y Cragg, D. (2006). L'épreuve du Jedi (Jedi Trial). Paris: Fleuve Noir. [ Links ]
Stackpole, M. (1998). I, Jedi. New York: Bantham. [ Links ]
Tyers, K. (2001). Point d'équilibre (Balance Point). Paris: Presses de la Cité. [ Links ]
Vahabi, M. (2016). The Political Economy of Predation. Manhunting and the Economics of Escape. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. [ Links ]
Watson, J. (2001a). Les liens les plus forts (The Ties That Bind). Paris: Pocket Junior. [ Links ]
____. (2001b). La fin de l'espoir (The Death of Hope). Paris: Pocket Junior. [ Links ]
____. (2002a). La marque royale (The Mark of the Crown). Paris: Pocket Junior. Alain Musset [ Links ]
____. (2002b). La menace venue du passé (The Dark Rival). Paris: Pocket Junior. [ Links ]
____. (2003a). Le jour du jugement (The Day of Reckoning). Paris: Pocket Junior. [ Links ]
____. (2003b). Danger mortel (The Evil Experiment). Paris: Pocket Junior. [ Links ]
Wheeler, A. (2016). Star Wars, Force Rebelle 1. La cible (Rebel Force 1. Target). Paris: Pocket Jeunesse. [ Links ]
Zahn, T. (2018). Star Wars: Thrawn. Paris: Pocket. [ Links ]
1El objetivo de este texto no es de analizar o poner en tela de juicio palabras claves de tipo "capitalismo", "neoliberalismo", "explotación", "dominación", "desigualdad", "injusticia", entre otras. De cierta forma, tal como aparecen en las movilizaciones sociales que han conmovido no solamente Chile, sino también Colombia y muchos otros países antes y después del 18 de octubre de 2019, ya no son nociones, sino eslóganes —o sea instrumentos de lucha que rebasan los marcos teóricos (a veces contradictorios)— diseñados por el mundo académico. Sin embargo, en caso de emergencia, los lectores y las lectoras podrán referirse a los libros de Thomas Piketty: El capital en el siglo XXI y Capital e ideología.
2Entre muchas fuentes sugiero revisar: The Numbers en Data and the Movie Business Meet. (2019, December 20). Box Office History for Star Wars Movies. https://bit.ly/304rsDfhttps://bit.ly/3g36Ro9
3Planète Star Wars. (2020, March 30).Le fan club Star Wars. https://bit.ly/3g36Ro9
4 ¡Mil gracias a Mario Alberto Escamilla por la referencia erudita!
5Argentina Mining. (2020, march 30). Expandiendo las Fronteras de la Oportunidad. https://bit.ly/3eVqOfi.
6Esta definición cínica recuerda las palabras de Tony Cleaver en su libro Economics. The Basics: "Economics is a seemingly cold and cruel science that, like it or not, treats labour just as any other resource" (2011, 49).
7Arlyn, J. (2019, September 24). Se han robado mi infancia: Con 16 años Greta Thurnberg da un contundente discurso a líderes en la ONU. Entrepreneur. https://bit.ly/2WSMh27
8En la galaxia Star Wars, esta esperanza es sin embargo bastante ambigua porque una liberación política (triunfo final de la Rebelión sobre el imperio en El regreso del Jedi), no significa automáticamente una liberación social: con el regreso de la República las viejas estructuras de dominación económica siguen siendo vigentes con muy pocas alteraciones.
Received: January 03, 2020; Accepted: March 04, 2020
Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons
